Antimatter-Origin Supermassive Black Holes.

A Unified Framework for Early Quasar Activity, Cosmic Reionisation, and the Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry

©James Franklin 2025: DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13261.76000

Abstract

We propose a novel cosmological model in which the apparent absence of antimatter, the rapid emergence of supermassive black holes (SMBHs), and the intense early quasar activity are interconnected phenomena. In this framework, we propose that equal quantities of matter, antimatter, and dark matter were produced during the Big Bang. While initial annihilations occurred, large clumps of matter and antimatter rapidly segregated due to opposing magnetic polarities and repulsive electromagnetic interactions. Dark matter, while gravitationally dominant, is hypothesised to weakly interact, electromagnetically, with antimatter, enabling antimatter-dense regions to collapse preferentially into primordial SMBHs. These SMBHs, formed from antimatter and seeded with dark matter, produced extreme energy outputs when infalling normal matter interacted and annihilated at or near the event horizon. This process accounts for the super-Eddington luminosities observed in early quasars, catalysing reionisation and star formation across large volumes of the early universe. As the accessible antimatter near the event horizon was depleted, quasars transitioned to accretion-only energy sources, explaining their rapid dimming and the current distribution of dormant SMBHs in galactic nuclei.

1. Introduction

The origin of supermassive black holes, the matter-antimatter asymmetry, and the source of early universe reionisation remain unsolved problems in cosmology. Traditional models struggle to account for the mass and luminosity of early quasars within the known constraints of cosmic time and accretion physics. Simultaneously, the near-total absence of antimatter in the observable universe challenges current understandings of baryogenesis. Here, we propose a unified solution grounded in a radical, but physically plausible, reinterpretation of these phenomena.

2. Initial Conditions Post-Big Bang

Following the Big Bang, the universe was populated with equal quantities of matter, antimatter, and dark matter. Standard interactions led to widespread annihilation, but not all regions were uniformly mixed. Due to quantum fluctuations and magnetic field interactions, regions of matter and antimatter began to segregate. Magnetic fields created by large-scale charged particle motions induced electromagnetic repulsion between oppositely charged clouds, suppressing annihilation and allowing the formation of coherent clumps.

3. Role of Dark Matter

Dark matter, while traditionally considered non-interactive beyond gravitation, is hypothesised in this model to exhibit weak electromagnetic interactions with antimatter. This subtle coupling would preferentially enable antimatter regions to lose energy and collapse gravitationally, aided by the gravitational scaffolding of dark matter halos.

4. Magnetic Fields and Charge-Based Segregation

In the hot, ionised plasma of the early universe, large-scale regions of matter and antimatter would have generated magnetic fields due to rotational and translational motions of their charged particles. A rotating matter cloud, composed of positively charged protons and electrons, would induce a magnetic field in a given direction. An antimatter cloud, with antiprotons and positrons, rotating identically, would generate a magnetic field in the opposite direction due to the reversed charge flow.

While magnetic fields themselves do not inherently repel each other, opposing magnetic fields can lead to plasma instabilities such as magnetic reconnection, turbulence, and charge separation effects. These plasma dynamics can produce electromagnetic boundary zones or current sheets, where annihilation is suppressed, and segregation is encouraged.

Furthermore, the Lorentz force acting on charged particles causes matter and antimatter to be deflected in opposite directions in the presence of magnetic fields. This deflection would further contribute to spatial separation, reducing large-scale annihilation and allowing distinct regions of matter and antimatter to survive long enough to undergo gravitational collapse.

These effects offer a plausible, physics-based mechanism for early matter-antimatter segregation, providing the conditions necessary for the collapse of antimatter clumps into SMBHs without significant annihilation during the initial phases of structure formation.

5. Formation of Antimatter-Based SMBHs

As antimatter clumps collapsed under gravity, stabilised and cooled by dark matter, they rapidly formed supermassive black holes. The electromagnetic repulsion from surrounding matter clouds and the induced magnetic torques imparted angular momentum to the collapsing antimatter core, resulting in a spinning SMBH from formation.

6. Hyper-Luminous Quasar Phase

Once formed, these SMBHs began accreting matter from their surroundings. Infalling normal matter, upon approaching the event horizon, interacted with antimatter present in the inner accretion disk and near the horizon. These interactions led to high-efficiency matter-antimatter annihilation, producing intense gamma radiation and relativistic jets. This process significantly enhanced quasar luminosity beyond accretion limits, accounting for the observed brightness of high-redshift quasars.

7. Reionisation and Star Formation Triggering

The intense radiation from annihilation-powered quasars ionised the intergalactic medium on vast scales. Simultaneously, shockwaves and energy outflows compressed surrounding gas, initiating large-scale star formation. These giant population III stars contributed to ongoing reionisation, creating a cascade effect that extended across cosmic volumes.

8. Transition to Accretion-Dominated Phase

As antimatter near the event horizon was depleted by annihilation, the energy output of the SMBHs dropped sharply. Quasars entered a less luminous, accretion-only phase. This transition explains the relatively short-lived nature of early quasar hyperactivity and the presence of dormant SMBHs in modern galactic nuclei.

9. Long-Term Galactic and SMBH Evolution

The remaining SMBHs, compositionally indistinguishable from matter-formed black holes due to the no-hair theorem, continued to influence galactic evolution via gravity. Accretion-driven activity (AGN phases) persisted intermittently, especially during galaxy mergers or inflow of dense gas clouds.

10. Observational Implications and Testable Predictions

• Early quasars should exhibit relic signatures of annihilation, including specific gamma-ray or neutrino emission spectra.
• The cosmic gamma-ray background may contain imprints of early annihilation events.
• Polarisation patterns in early quasar jets may reflect magnetic field asymmetries caused by antimatter origins.
• Statistical analysis of early quasar luminosities may reveal bimodal energy distributions consistent with dual power mechanisms.

11. Conclusion

This model offers a new lens through which to view the early universe, uniting the fates of antimatter, dark matter, and SMBHs in a coherent evolutionary sequence. It provides a physically plausible mechanism for the missing antimatter problem, the formation of early SMBHs, and the extraordinary luminosity of primordial quasars. While speculative, the framework is grounded in established physical principles and offers multiple pathways for observational verification.

Acknowledgements We acknowledge the stimulating dialogues within theoretical cosmology communities that challenge assumptions and encourage exploration of alternative frameworks.

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